HelioIndex: author mobility data

The table below compares the numbers of authors in each country based on their first and last papers. The author's location for their first paper is a proxy for where the author was trained. Their location for their most recent paper is a proxy for where they are currently working. The data in the table thus gives an indication of the movement of scientists within the field.

A positive percentage means there has been a net migration out of the country, and a negative percentage means there has been a net migration into the country.

If the ORCID record for an author is incomplete, then the first paper affiliation is likely to be incorrect but the last paper affiliation should be correct. Only countries that have at least 10 authors in either the last paper or first paper column are listed.

Country	No. of authors for last paper	No. of authors for first paper	Difference	Percentage
US	711	511	-200	-28%
China	407	438	31	8%
UK	183	189	6	3%
Italy	127	142	15	12%
India	125	203	78	62%
Germany	118	107	-11	-9%
Russia	85	119	34	40%
Spain	83	82	-1	-1%
France	71	85	14	20%
Japan	67	76	9	13%
Belgium	53	44	-9	-17%
Rep. Korea	44	53	9	20%
Poland	38	39	1	3%
Finland	38	30	-8	-21%
Switzerland	34	30	-4	-12%
Czech Rep.	34	31	-3	-9%
Austria	34	30	-4	-12%
Norway	30	18	-12	-40%
Brazil	26	30	4	15%
Sweden	22	16	-6	-27%
Argentina	18	23	5	28%
Australia	18	15	-3	-17%
Greece	17	25	8	47%
Croatia	14	11	-3	-21%
Ukraine	13	22	9	69%
Iran	13	21	8	62%
Ireland	12	12	0	0%
Netherlands	12	14	2	17%
South Africa	12	14	2	17%
Mexico	10	11	1	10%
Turkey	8	10	2	25%
Portugal	8	10	2	25%
Egypt	7	10	3	43%
Hungary	5	10	5	100%