HelioIndex: author mobility data

The table below compares the numbers of authors in each country based on their first and last papers. The author's location for their first paper is a proxy for where the author was trained. Their location for their most recent paper is a proxy for where they are currently working. The data in the table thus gives an indication of the movement of scientists within the field.

A positive percentage means there has been a net migration out of the country, and a negative percentage means there has been a net migration into the country.

If the ORCID record for an author is incomplete, then the first paper affiliation is likely to be incorrect but the last paper affiliation should be correct. Only countries that have at least 10 authors in either the last paper or first paper column are listed.

Country	No. of authors for last paper	No. of authors for first paper	Difference	Percentage
US	707	502	-205	-29%
China	381	409	28	7%
UK	182	190	8	4%
Italy	122	139	17	14%
India	117	194	77	66%
Germany	111	105	-6	-5%
Russia	86	119	33	38%
Spain	82	83	1	1%
France	63	82	19	30%
Japan	60	71	11	18%
Belgium	55	43	-12	-22%
Poland	39	39	0	0%
Rep. Korea	38	47	9	24%
Finland	37	28	-9	-24%
Switzerland	34	29	-5	-15%
Czech Rep.	33	29	-4	-12%
Austria	32	30	-2	-6%
Norway	31	16	-15	-48%
Sweden	22	15	-7	-32%
Brazil	22	30	8	36%
Argentina	19	23	4	21%
Australia	16	14	-2	-13%
Greece	15	24	9	60%
Croatia	14	11	-3	-21%
Iran	14	23	9	64%
Netherlands	13	14	1	8%
South Africa	12	14	2	17%
Ukraine	12	21	9	75%
Ireland	12	12	0	0%
Mexico	10	11	1	10%
Portugal	8	10	2	25%
Egypt	7	10	3	43%