HelioIndex: author mobility data

The table below compares the numbers of authors in each country based on their first and last papers. The author's location for their first paper is a proxy for where the author was trained. Their location for their most recent paper is a proxy for where they are currently working. The data in the table thus gives an indication of the movement of scientists within the field.

A positive percentage means there has been a net migration out of the country, and a negative percentage means there has been a net migration into the country.

If the ORCID record for an author is incomplete, then the first paper affiliation is likely to be incorrect but the last paper affiliation should be correct. Only countries that have at least 10 authors in either the last paper or first paper column are listed.

Country	No. of authors for last paper	No. of authors for first paper	Difference	Percentage
US	707	503	-204	-29%
China	399	427	28	7%
UK	181	189	8	4%
Italy	121	139	18	15%
India	120	196	76	63%
Germany	117	107	-10	-9%
Russia	85	117	32	38%
Spain	82	82	0	0%
France	63	84	21	33%
Japan	61	71	10	16%
Belgium	53	43	-10	-19%
Rep. Korea	41	50	9	22%
Poland	39	39	0	0%
Finland	38	29	-9	-24%
Czech Rep.	35	31	-4	-11%
Switzerland	33	29	-4	-12%
Norway	31	18	-13	-42%
Austria	31	30	-1	-3%
Brazil	22	29	7	32%
Sweden	22	15	-7	-32%
Argentina	19	24	5	26%
Greece	17	24	7	41%
Australia	16	15	-1	-6%
Croatia	14	11	-3	-21%
Iran	14	23	9	64%
Netherlands	13	14	1	8%
South Africa	12	14	2	17%
Ukraine	12	21	9	75%
Ireland	11	12	1	9%
Mexico	10	11	1	10%
Turkey	8	10	2	25%
Hungary	6	10	4	67%