HelioIndex: author mobility data

The table below compares the numbers of authors in each country based on their first and last papers. The author's location for their first paper is a proxy for where the author was trained. Their location for their most recent paper is a proxy for where they are currently working. The data in the table thus gives an indication of the movement of scientists within the field.

A positive percentage means there has been a net migration out of the country, and a negative percentage means there has been a net migration into the country.

If the ORCID record for an author is incomplete, then the first paper affiliation is likely to be incorrect but the last paper affiliation should be correct. Only countries that have at least 10 authors in either the last paper or first paper column are listed.

For countries with a link, further details are given on which countries authors come from, and which countries they move to.

Country	No. of authors for last paper	No. of authors for first paper	Difference	Percentage
US	720	516	-204	-28%
China	412	443	31	8%
UK	186	190	4	2%
India	131	209	78	60%
Italy	126	141	15	12%
Germany	121	109	-12	-10%
Russia	85	122	37	44%
Spain	82	81	-1	-1%
France	70	85	15	21%
Japan	67	76	9	13%
Belgium	52	44	-8	-15%
Rep. Korea	47	55	8	17%
Finland	40	30	-10	-25%
Poland	36	37	1	3%
Czech Rep.	34	31	-3	-9%
Austria	33	30	-3	-9%
Switzerland	33	28	-5	-15%
Norway	28	17	-11	-39%
Brazil	26	30	4	15%
Sweden	21	16	-5	-24%
Australia	20	15	-5	-25%
Argentina	17	24	7	41%
Greece	17	26	9	53%
Croatia	14	11	-3	-21%
Ukraine	13	22	9	69%
Iran	13	21	8	62%
South Africa	12	14	2	17%
Netherlands	12	14	2	17%
Ireland	12	12	0	0%
Mexico	11	11	0	0%
Portugal	9	11	2	22%
Turkey	8	10	2	25%
Egypt	7	10	3	43%
Hungary	6	11	5	83%